Otolaryngology or ENT (ear, nose and throat) is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders. The ENT deals with diseases like throat infections and reasons of illnesses like enlarged tonsils in the throat.
Skull base surgery is performed to remove benign growths, cancerous growths, and abnormalities on the underside of the brain, skull base or the top few vertebrae of the spinal column.
Indications for skull base surgery
Cysts that grow from birth
Growths caused by infections
Pituitary tumors
Cerebrospinal fluid fistulas
Meningiomas: These are often benign tumors which grow from the tissue that covers the brain (meninges)
Trigeminal neuralgia: This is an intense pain on one side of the face.
Craniopharyngiomas: These are growths that occur near the pituitary gland.
Chordomas: These are slow-growing bone tumors often found at the skull base.
Craniosynostosis: This occurs when the skull bones of an infant close too early causing problems with the shape of the skull and brain growth.
Arteriovenous malformations: These are arteries and veins which are abnormally connected to one another.
A cerebral aneurysm: This is a weak often bulging area in a blood vessel in the brain.
Types of skull base surgery
There are two main types of skull base surgery. The method used usually depends on the type of growth being removed and where it is located.
Traditional or open skull base surgery: This type of surgery requires an opening to be made in the skull. This is done by making incisions in the facial area and skull. The surgeon may remove parts of bone so as to reach the growth and remove it. An operating room microscope is often used during open skull base surgery.
Endoscopic or minimally invasive skull base surgery: This type of surgery does not require a large incision. Instruments are inserted through small incisions or natural openings in the skull such as nose and mouth. An ENT (ear, nose and throat) surgeon may make a small incision inside the nose which allows a neurosurgeon to remove the growth through an endoscope (a thin lighted tube). To make sure all of the growths are removed, a radiologist takes an MRI during the surgery.
Symptoms
A growth or abnormality in the skull area may exhibit symptoms. The symptoms will vary depending on the type, size and location of the growth and include:
Headache
Facial pain
Visual problems
Dizziness
Numbness
Ringing in the ears or hearing loss
Frequent sinus infections or nasal congestion
Weakness of the face
Diagnosis
Based on your symptoms, your doctor will first perform a physical exam. Because the skull base area cannot be seen directly, exams and imaging techniques are used for the diagnosis. This include:
Brain imaging studies: Special imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA), computerized tomography (CT) scan and positron emission tomography (PET) scan are used to create an image of the skull to help the doctors see the growths or abnormalities.
Biopsy: The doctor may recommend a biopsy of the skull base. This involves taking a small piece of the growth or abnormal tissue and examining it under a microscope. A biopsy may be done by using an endoscope which is placed through the nose and sinuses. A biopsy may also be done by excisional biopsy or fine need aspiration (FNA).
Other tests: Your doctor may check your balance, muscle activity, cranial nerves, vision, and hearing. Scans of other areas of the body and studies of body systems may also be checked.
About Neurotology & Skull Base Surgery
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